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Calico cat
Calico cats are domestic cats with a spotted or particolored coat that is predominantly white, with patches of two other colors (often, the two other colors are orange tabby and black). Outside of North America, the pattern is more usually called tortoiseshell-and-white. In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called ''chatte d'Espagne'' (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include ''brindle'', ''tricolor cat'', ''tobi mi-ke'' (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and ''lapjeskat'' (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called ''calimanco'' or ''clouded tiger''. Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning. This calico patched tabby is called a ''caliby''.〔(Cat Colors FAQ: Common Colors - Torties, Patched Tabbies and Calicos )〕
"Calico" refers only to a color pattern on the fur, not to a breed.〔Robinson, Richard. "Mosaicism". ''Genetics''. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 76-80.〕 It is absent from lists of breeds.〔Marilyn Menotti-Raymond, Victor A. David, Solveig M. Pflueger, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Claire M. Wade, Stephen J. O’Briena, Warren E. Johnson. "Patterns of molecular genetic variation among cat breeds." ''Science Direct''. 17 August 2007.〕 Among the breeds whose standards allow calico coloration are the Manx, American Shorthair, British Shorthair, Persian, Japanese Bobtail, Exotic Shorthair, Siberian, and Turkish Van.
Because genetic determination of some coat colors in cats is linked to the X chromosome, calicoes are nearly always female.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Calico cat )〕 Because of the genetics involved, calico males are rare, and generally have impaired vitality and are almost always sterile.
==History==
The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa.〔Todd, Neil B. (November 1977) Cats and Commerce. ''Scientific American''.〕 The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France, Spain and Italy, originating from Egypt.〔Hubbell, Sue. ''Shrinking the Cat:Genetic Engineering before We Knew about Genes''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.〕
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